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Know MoreLymphoma is the cancer of the lymphatic system (lymph system) which is an integral part of our immune system and constitutes a network of lymphatic vessels that traverse throughout our body. This lymph system consists of lymph vessels, ducts and nodes, in which the lymphatic fluid circulates. Other lymphatic tissue in the body includes tonsils at the back of the mouth, spleen and thymus gland.
The major components of lymphatic tissue are cells called Lymphocytes (a type of WBC). The two major types of lymphocytes are the B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes, both of which function towards fighting infections and eliminating antigens.
Lymphoma is a blood cancer type developed with the uncontrolled growth of these white blood cells, the lymphocytes. Lymphoma is not one disease but refers to a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies associated with the lymphatic system. It accounts for about 3% of cancers.
This cancer type can begin anywhere in the lymphatic system, but most often begins in the nodes of the neck, chest or under the arms. The abnormal lymphocytes in lymphoma may accumulate resulting in a swollen lymph node, which most often presents in the neck or under the arm.
Broadly, there are two main types of lymphoma– Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. They may also be classified based on the site of occurrences (cutaneous lymphoma, CNS lymphoma) or growth rate (slow-growing/indolent and aggressive lymphoma), there are over 50 different types of lymphoma.
The symptoms can be vague and may present as symptoms that mimic other diseases. On the other hand, low-grade may remain asymptomatic.
It may be incidentally found on a scan when performed for other indications.
About 20% of all Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients present with fever, sweats or skin itch at the time of diagnosis in addition to an enlarged lymph node in the neck or within the chest. It has been observed that 10-20% of patients with limited disease and about 70% of patients with advanced disease, exhibit symptoms that include unexplained fever >38degreeC, drenching night sweats.
Affecting the stomach or central nervous system, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, seizures, etc. Therefore recognizing lymphatic cancer is a challenging task.
There are different responses to specific types of lymphoma treatment, hence a definitive diagnosis of the type is necessary to provide the right treatment for the best outcome. When the lymphoma diagnosis is established, a staging investigation, usually involving a CT or PET scan, bone marrow biopsy, and other blood tests help determine the extent to which the disease has spread throughout the body. Staging is also a vital parameter in prognosis and predicting the outcome of the disease.
However, unlike other cancers, it is not the only prognostic factor, as in the case of lymphoma even advanced-stage diseases have shown to have high cure rates.
Lymphoma is often curable, especially in its initial stages. Out of the many factors that influence the prognosis and survival rate of the HL or the NHL type lymphoma, the primary ones include the age of the patient, stage of the disease, its type (indolent or aggressive), serum LDH levels and overall health parameters.
The different stages of lymphoma indicate the area where the lymphoma is present, its advancement and its spread to other possible areas. There are some differences in the lymphoma stagings between its different types like it varies slightly with children and adults for non-hodgkin lymphoma in children (is the same for HL).
Staging of cutaneous(skin) lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) also varies with the hodgkin’s type staging.
Stage 4 is the highest stage of the lymphoma’s advancement in your body. To treat this, your doctor might suggest chemotherapy, along with a combination of high drug dose or recommend a stem cell transplant depending on your overall diagnosis.
When diagnosed with lymphoma, your doctor will plan your treatment based on your medical history, the type of lymphoma diagnosed and its stage and the extent to which it has affected other organs.
Even if your body reacts well to the treatment, there are chances of remission, and only after the consultant is sure of no traces of the disease left, they’ll inform you of a complete cure.
As per reports of patients in the U.S., the five-year relative survival rate with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is 72.7%, and that of patients with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is 87.4%. A 2012 Globocan report suggested that the ratio of mortality to incidence in India is 69.7%, which indicates the poor overall 5-year survival below the global average.
Patients with higher stages of cancer growth, however, have comparatively lesser survival percentages from the ones preceding them, implying the chance of survival decreases with the increase in the cancer stage.
With the different types of NHL, the complete cure and survival vary individually with its respective subtypes. It can prove fatal for patients who have early relapses or don’t respond well to the treatment. For slow-growing lymphomas, standard chemotherapy might not cure the patient, but they have a longer survival rate. In contrast, for the fast-growing lymphomas, combination chemotherapy might cure the disease well.
The estimated mortality rate due to NHL is higher in India than in North America or Western Europe. Diagnostic and treatment delays, incorrect diagnosis, inappropriate and suboptimal treatment are the possible reasons for poor outcomes in India. The incidence of lymphoma is greater in men compared to women.
In India, the male to female ratio of HDL is 5.5: 1. The Non-Hodgkins type is more common than the HDL. According to Globocan (2012), the estimated incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is 5/100,000 (385,741 new cases), with a mortality rate of 2.5/100,000 (199,630 deaths) worldwide. The incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is about 1 in 25, 000 and one in eight is a Hodgkin lymphoma.
With the slow rise in the incidence of cancer in India, including lymphoma the obvious query will be is lymphoma curable or what are the prognostic factors for this disease?
Prognostic factors help predict whether a person’s cancer will respond well to a specific treatment. An international prognostic index (IPI) has been developed in the case of lymphoma to predict patient outcome. This tool or model was developed considering factors that may be divided into factors that are related to the disease, factors related to the patient and factors related to the therapy. This was primarily developed to calculate a score for aggressive or high-grade lymphoma.
However, they are useful in low and intermediate also. A score of 1 is assigned to each parameter including – Age >60 years, LDH is elevated, greater than 1 extranodal site, performance status (ECOG score 2-4) and Ann Arbor stage (III or IV). Depending on the total score, the percentage of relapse-free and overall 5-year survival was predicted.
As there are many subtypes of lymphoma, for the purpose of understanding prognosis and prognostic factors in disease outcome, Hodgkin’s lymphoma may serve as a case here in this article.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma has one of the highest cure rates (80-90%). However, about 15-20% of patients may remain resistant to cytotoxic treatment or relapse after primary treatment. Prognostic factors such as tissue biomarkers, number of tumor-infiltrating macrophages, cytokine and chemokine levels in the body and DNA/RNA profile has shown promise in predicting the risk of treatment failure.
Some of the prognostic factors valuable in making decisions on treatment protocol include-
Stage of the disease, the presence of a bulky tumor as detected during staging is a negative predictor of outcome. The measurement of bulk is limited to a single largest mass. However, it could underestimate the total tumor burden in patients with diffuse disease. The spread of HL to extra lymphatic organs is also associated with poor outcome.
Age impacts prognosis in two ways. One, older age is associated with higher co-morbidity and reduced tolerability of chemotherapeutic regimens unlike in younger patients. Also, age is also intrinsically associated with tumor biology, as HL is associated with bimodal age distribution. The standard treatment of HL (ABVD) consisting of (A)adriamycin (also known as doxorubicin/(H)hydroxydaunorubicin, designated as H in CHOP, is not recommended to patients older than 70 years. Similarly intensified regimen such as BEACHOP dose-escalated regimen is also not recommended for patients above 60 years, due to pulmonary toxicity. In such situations, an antibody-drug conjugate may be a better option for patients’ above 50 years.
It has been observed that males have a higher incidence rate as well as poorer prognosis when compared to women in the case of HL. It is speculated that the pharmacokinetics of the drug and gender difference in the metabolism of drugs (ABVD regimen) may hold a possible clue to the way females respond to treatment differently.
About 40% of HL patients experience anaemia. The cut-off point for prognosis is Hb levels <10.5g/dL. A lower level of Hemoglobin is associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and alterations in iron metabolism and therefore an important prognostic factor. An alteration in the WBC cell count is also a well-known prognostic factor.
For lymphocytopenia, the cut off is less than 8% or 600/microL. Similarly, the number of infiltrating macrophages in HL is strongly associated with prognosis.
Lower levels of albumin in serum are associated with very poor outcome in lymphoma. The cut-off score for prognosis is albumin levels of 4.0g/dL. The presence of albumin is associated with poor liver function as well as the synthesis of cytokines.
Beta 2 microglobulin is a protein secreted in all healthy individuals by B cells and is excreted through kidneys. Since in the case of HL, inflammatory cytokines are high, they stimulate the production of beta 2 microglobulin in large quantities.
Therefore elevated levels of beta 2 microglobulin usually found in about 5-30% of patients diagnosed, depending on the stage is known to be an important prognostic factor in the relapse of the disease.
Besides the above prognostic factors, such as the cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-6, CD30, TNF etc) or also known as the inflammatory markers also contribute towards understanding disease prognosis.
Genetic markers or chromosomal aberrations studied in the HRS cells (Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells, that are characteristic of HL) such as mutations in bcl2 gene expression (a regulatory protein that regulates cell death or apoptosis, is also associated with poor prognosis.
The best treatment protocol is chosen based on several predictive as well as prognostic factors. In the case of indolent lymphoma, watchful waiting may also be recommended.
Radiation therapy is used when lymph nodes are localized. When chemotherapy or radiation is given, it may destroy the bone marrow cells, and a bone marrow transplant may also be warranted. These bone marrow cells will help restore healthy cells in the body.
New and improved therapeutics/biologics including monoclonal antibodies (Rituxan ®), radioimmunotherapy, and Cytokine treatment such as IL-2 are being largely explored for the treatment of lymphoma.
A plethora of prognostic factors is available for lymphoma. With the advent of new effective treatments and evolution in the science of biomarkers and cancer genetics, a new consensus is being arrived on how to integrate new research data and the understanding of prognostic factors to meaningfully arrive at a suitable treatment protocol.
Needless to say, prognostic factors should help to stratify treatment according to the risk profile and identify patients at risk for failure. If this knowledge is not applied correctly, then it is likely that some of the prognostic factors thought to be important in the past may become meaningless when modern successful therapies are used. Therefore, the value of prognostic factors has to be updated periodically and then adapted to new emerging biomarkers.
There is hope for lymphoma patients, as research in immunotherapy is churning out new and effective therapies. These can variably counterbalance the adverse effects of some unfavorable clinical determinants.
CAR-T cell therapy is a revolutionary treatment approach that has emerged as a game-changer for specific types of lymphomas. It harnesses the power of a patient’s own immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells.
Cytecare is the first hospital in Karnataka to provide CAR-T cell therapy. It leverages cutting-edge facilities and a team of expert haemato-oncologists. This combination ensures patients receive the most advanced CAR-T therapy available and the specialized care needed throughout the treatment process.